Ecclesiastes 4

KJ3 Literal Translation — Chapter 4 of 12

1 So I returned and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun. And behold the tears of those who were oppressed, and there is not for them one who comforts! And at the hand of those oppressing them was power; but there was not one who comforts them.

2 And I commended the ones who died, those who already have died, more than the living. that they are still alive.

3 Yea, better than both of them is that one who has not yet been, who has not seen the evil work that is done under the sun.

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Chapter Summary

Vanity is increased to men by oppression, by envy, by idleness, by covetousness, by solitariness, by willfulness.

Key Hebrew Words

עָשׁוּקִים oppressions H6217 · TWOT 1713d
עָמָל labor, toil H5999 · TWOT 1639a
קִנְאָה envy H7068 · TWOT 2038a
הֶ֫בֶל vanity, vapor H1892 · TWOT 463a
נַ֫חַת rest, quietness H5183 · TWOT 1323a
שָׂכָר reward, wages H7939 · TWOT 2264.1b

People & Context

The Preacher

The narrator who surveys oppression, envy, and solitary toil, commending companionship over working alone

God

The one before whom one must guard the feet and draw near to hear at His house (v. 17)

Timeline

The Tragedy of Uncomforted Oppression

Witnessing the tears and powerlessness of the oppressed who have no comforter, the Preacher declares the dead and the unborn to be better off than the living.

Ecclesiastes 4:1-3
The Vanity of Envious Toil

He observes that labor is driven by envy of one's neighbor, concluding that a quiet handful of rest is better than two fists full of striving.

Ecclesiastes 4:4-6
The Futility of the Lonely Miser

A solitary man works endlessly without a son or brother, never satisfied with his riches, and fails to realize his labor is a vain and evil task.

Ecclesiastes 4:7-8

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